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This study conducts a spatio-temporal comparative analysis of land use patterns in planned cities (Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh) and metropolitan cities (Delhi, Kolkata) in India, focusing on the years 2004, 2014, and 2024. The research evaluates changes in four key land use and land cover (LULC) classes—Built-Up, Urban Green Space, Waterbodies, and Barren Lands—using advanced spatial analysis techniques. Specifically, the Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI) is employed to assess changes in built-up areas, the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MNDVI) to analyse urban green spaces, and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to examine waterbodies. Additionally, LULC classification is utilized to provide a comprehensive overview of overall land use changes. The study integrates graphical representations to quantitatively illustrate the temporal dynamics and spatial variations in these land use patterns. By comparing planned and metropolitan cities, this research highlights the differential impacts of urban planning and growth on land use dynamics.
