ANNOUNCEMENTS
The ambitious renewable energy integration targets of India necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the evolving power system dynamics, particularly concerning system inertia. The displacement of conventional synchronous generators by inverter-based renewable energy sources leads to a reduction in the inherent system inertia, posing significant challenges to grid stability, especially frequency stability. This report delves into the critical aspects of power system inertia needs in India, analysing the impact of increasing renewable energy penetration, evaluating methods for inertia assessment, and exploring potential solutions to ensure a secure and stable grid operation in the future. The study considers the unique characteristics of the Indian power system, including its vast geographical expanse, regional grid interconnections, and the variability of renewable resources. Furthermore, it investigates the role of emerging technologies and policy frameworks in addressing the inertia challenges and facilitating a smooth transition towards a sustainable energy future.
The study begins with an overview of frequency stability and the critical role of rotational inertia, followed by a comprehensive review of existing literature. A detailed examination of available resources and methodologies—including model-based, measurement-based, and emerging data-driven techniques—is presented, offering insights into their applicability under varying grid conditions. The thesis further explores real-world case studies and regional analyses, particularly from high-RE penetration zones, to demonstrate the practical impacts of reduced inertia on frequency stability, rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), and system protection schemes.
Methods for estimating system inertia are evaluated, including the use of phasor measurement units (PMUs), dynamic simulations, and synthetic inertia solutions such as battery energy storage systems and grid-forming inverters. Resources and infrastructure required for effective inertia monitoring are also discussed, with emphasis on tools, regulatory frameworks, and data platforms.
The thesis concludes with key findings, recommendations for enhancing grid resilience, and directions for future research and policy, aiming to support secure and reliable operation of power systems under increasing renewable integration.
